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» Bali - Mass Tourism in Developing Countries
Bali - Mass Tourism in Developing Countries
Written By News and Fun on Friday, 16 March 2012 | 07:42
Bali - Mass Tourism in Developing Countries
Important Note: Below is a small preview of the essay. The complete essay itself is not available either in this site or the Ministry's archive. You can obtain it by downloading it from an external site (payment required). The Ministry, however, doesn't have any affiliation with the commercial site. We simply endorse this essay in hoping that more essays about Indonesian culture and tourism done by nonIndonesians will pop out in the near future.
Table of content:
1. INDONESIA AS A DEVELOPING COUNTRY ON THE WAY TO MASS TOURISM
2. CULTURAL TOURISM IN BALI
3. WOMEN, PROSTITUTION AND AIDS
4. BOMB ATTACK IN BALI – THE END OF THE MASS TOURISM?
5. STRATEGIES
6. RESUMEE
The areas of Southeast Asia that are quiet, peaceful and possess spectacular scenery and diverse cultures have a great opportunity to develop tourism.” (President Suharto, launching Visit Asian Year, January, 1992) (McCarthy, 1994, p.7) To be in a paradise which is exotic, strange, with amazing landscapes and people who are not affected by corrupted society, is the main reason for tourists to visit foreign countries. However, the questions is, if increasing tourism would be an advantage or a disadvantage for the potential host country, and how tourism affects the economy, society, the and the local environment. International tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy and represents profitability for the visiting country and positively impacts the economy. The question is, whether the economic advantage compensates the damage, which is inflicted to the society, environment and the culture by the tourists. This essay focuses on the case example of Bali and its mass tourism.
1. INDONESIA AS A DEVELOPING COUNTRY ON THE WAY TO MASS TOURISM
In order to describe the tourism in developing countries, it is necessary to clarify, which countries hold this status, which characteristics they possess and what is meant by the term ";development";. The term ";developing country"; was formed at the beginning of the 1950’s. It stands for a group of countries, whose level of development is small compared with the developed nations. The criteria for the developing countries would be: economical, ecological, demographic, socio-cultural and political status. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) divides the developing countries into the following categories:
1. LICs (Low Income Countries, per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product) < $760),
2. LMICs (Lower Middle Income Countries, per capita GDP $761-$3,030),
3. UMICs (Upper Middle Income Countries, per capita GDP $3,031-$9,360)
4. HICs (High Income Countries, per capita GDP > $9,360) (OECD, 2000, Homepage, Attachment 1)
Indonesia belongs, according to the ";world development report” of the World Bank, to a per capita GDP of $710 country (conditions 2002) which is part of the category of a Olesja Buechner Bali – between prosperity and poverty 08.09.2003 developing country with a low income. (World Bank Group, 2003b, Homepage, Attachment 2)
Altogether Indonesia consists of 13,000 islands, from which 6,000 are uninhabited and which extend to over 5,150 km. The total area of Indonesia is over 1,900,000 km². Bali covers only 0.3% of this stated surface. (Lonely Planet, 1997, p.31) The official language is Bahasa Indonesia, whereby each ethnical group has its own language. Altogether this accounts to approximately 200 different languages. Due to the ideal of Indonesia between the Indian and the Pacific ocean, many different cultural, religious, political and economic influences can be found on the islands. Thus European colonialists, Arab and Indian sea traders, as well as members of the Chinese kingdoms have left their mark in Indonesia. Indian trades people have spread the Buddhism and Hinduism religion. Starting from the 13th century A.D. the Islamic influence increased by Arab dealers. Today 88% of the Indonesian population are Muslims, 8% Christians, 2% Hindus and 1% Buddhist. (Federal Foreign Office, 2003, Homepage). The European influence resulted particularly from the Dutchmen, who came to Indonesia in 1596 supervised by Cornelius de Houtman. First they captured the power and made it part of United India Company (VOC). In 1799 the VOC was replaced by the Netherlands state. (Lonely Planet, 1997, pp.18-22) In 1830 the systematic exploitation of Indonesia began under the control of Netherlands governor general Johannes van de Bosch. He introduced the ";Cultuurstelstel system";, (Lonely Planet, 1997, p.22) that improved the land use and the taxation system. Simultaneously, a massive population growth began in Java. People needed more workers, in order to meet the demands of colonial power. After the take-over of Indonesia by the Japanese, Soekarno and Hatta proclaimed the Republic of Indonesian at the 17.08.1945. (Lonely Planet, 1997, pp. 22-26)
Source http://www.budpar.go.id/
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